- Pre-cleaning, e.g. after machining processes
- Deburring and cleaning
- Intermediate cleaning between production processes, e.g. after grinding and polishing
- Final cleaning with passivation, e.g. prior to packaging and sterilization
- Assembly-integrated cleaning
- Surface treatment, e.g. roughening to improve osseointegration
- Surface activation, e.g. roughening before coating, bonding
